Process for the preparation of rotigotine

ABSTRACT

A process for the preparation of Rotigotine (1) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and of pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, which comprises the reductive amination of an amine of formula 6 with the 2-thienylacetic acid-sodium boron hydride complex and which makes use of hydrobromide 5 as an intermediate 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The process is advantageous from the industrial point of view in that it allows to obtain Rotigotine with high enantiomeric purity starting from optically active 5,6,7, 8-tetrahydro-6-(S)-N-propylamino-1-methoxy-naphthalene (2), avoiding the use of dangerous reactives, the need for difficult chromatographic separation or the formation of by-products. 
     Furthermore, two novel crystalline forms are disclosed.

This application is a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No. 13/120,682filed on Jun. 13, 2011 which a U.S. national stage of PCT/IB2009/006934filed on Sep. 24, 2009 which claims priority to and the benefit ofItalian Application No. MI2008A1713 filed on Sep. 26, 2008, the contentsof which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-S-[N-propyl-2-(2-thienyl)-N-ethyl]amino-1-naphthalenol,commonly known as Rotigotine (1), a medicament used in the therapy ofthe early stages of idiopathic Parkinson's disease, usually in the formof its hydrochloride salt.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The preparation and therapeutical uses of Rotigotine were firstdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,564,628 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,885,308. Theproduct currently pharmaceutically used is the S enantiomeric form orits hydrochloride salt, the known syntheses of which involve2-N-propyl-5-methoxy tetraline S enantiomer (2) as the key intermediate

which is prepared by optical resolution of the racemate according towhat described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,968,837.

A number of procedures for the transformation of amine 2 into Rotigotineare disclosed. Among them, a procedure involves heating 2 in xylene with2-thienylacetic acid and the trimethylamine-borane complex (U.S. Pat.No. 4,564,628 and Pharmaceutisch Weekblad Sci. Ed. 1985, 7, 208-211),which affords5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-S-[N-propyl-2-(2-thienyl)-N-ethyl]amino-1-methoxynaphthalene3.

The trimethylamine-borane complex is an expensive, flammable product;therefore, this method for linking the thienylacetic chain to thesecondary nitrogen of 2 is industrially problematic, due to the knowninstability of boron hydrides at high temperatures.

Transformation of 3 into Rotigotine, which is reported in the patentscited above and consists in hydrolyzing the methyl ether to free thephenol group, is carried out by treatment with boron tribromide at lowtemperature (−30° C. to −45° C.) in inert solvents. After completion ofthe reaction, the boron tribromide excess should be destroyed byaddition of methanol, thereby forming trimethyl borate. This treatmentis expensive, technically cumbersome and gives rise to pollutingby-products. When using 48% hydrobromic acid under reflux for theconversion of 3 into Rotigotine, which is an established procedure forhydrolyzing phenol ethers, Rotigotine is formed together with aconsiderable amount of5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-S-[N-(2-thienyl)-ethyl]amino-1-methoxynaphthalene4, namely the de-alkylation product of the amino nitrogen

The structural similarity of 4 and Rotigotine makes the separationthereof through physical methods (crystallization and/or chromatography)exceedingly problematic.

It would therefore be useful to provide a process for the preparation ofRotigotine starting from the resolved amine 2 which is industrially moreadvantageous.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

Object of the present invention is a process for the preparation ofRotigotine 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

comprising the following steps:

a) demethylation of5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-(S)-N-propylamino-1-methoxynaphthalene 2

by refluxing in 48% HBr, to afford 2-N-propyl-5-hydroxy tetralinehydrobromide 5

b) liberation of 2-N-propyl-5-hydroxy tetraline base 6

c) reductive amination reaction between amine 6 and 2-thienylaceticacid-sodium boron hydride complex in aprotic solvents selected from e.g.hydrocarbons, such as toluene, chlorinated solvents, such as methylenechloride or chloroform, esters, such as ethyl or butyl acetate andethers, such as isopropyl and isobutyl ether, at temperatures rangingfrom 80 to 90° C., to afford Rotigotine 1;

d) optional salification of Rotigotine 1 with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable acid, preferably hydrochloric acid.

Therefore, the process of the invention differs from those of the priorart that:

a. it proceeds through the phenol amine 6 and

b. the 2-thienylethyl chain is inserted at the nitrogen of 6 byreductive amination, using the 2-thienylacetic acid-sodium boron hydridecomplex in toluene.

According to a particular embodiment of the invention, an amine 2 withenantiomeric excess (ee) even lower than 0.94 is used as the startingproduct and the hydrobromide 5 is subsequently recrystallized toincrease the enantiomeric purity.

In fact, de-O-methylation of 2 to give 5 takes place in high yields andit has been observed that, when using an amine 2 with enantiomericexcess (ee) of 0.94, the hydrobromide 5 obtained by precipitation at theend of the process has ee 0.98. Therefore, precipitation from thehydrobromic acid aqueous solution already involves after completion ofthe demethylation reaction such an increase in enantiomeric purity as toprovide enantiomerically pure Rotigotine at the end of the synthesisprocess.

The hydrobromide salt 5 is therefore particularly advantageous and is afurther aspect of the invention.

The introduction of the 2-thienylethyl chain at the secondary nitrogenof 6 using the preformed complex between sodium borohydride and2-thienylacetic acid in toluene as the reagent is advantageous on anindustrial scale, as sodium borohydride is much less expensive than thetrimethylamine-borane complex; furthermore, the latter reagent requiresthe use of xylene under reflux, whereas toluene at 80-90° C. issufficient when using sodium borohydride.

It has also been found that crystallization of Rotigotine hydrochloridefrom a mixture consisting of ethanol and ethyl acetate provides acrystalline form herein referred to as Form A, whereas crystallizationof Rotigotine hydrochloride Form A from a mixture consisting of ethanoland hexane provides a crystalline form herein referred to as Form B,whose respective chemical-physical characterizations are reported inFIGS. 1-6 (DRX diffractograms, IR spectra and DSC scanning). Inparticular, Form A can be obtained taking up Rotigotine hydrochlorideobtained by salification of Rotigotine with hydrochloric acid in about10 ml of ethanol per gram of hydrochloride and heating under reflux; anequal volume of ethyl acetate is then added and the mixture is leftcooling until crystallization. Form A is characterized by followinginfrared, DSC and X-ray spectra:

IR (cm⁻¹): 3074; 2946; 2621; 1732; 1589; 1464; 1367; 1275; 1083; 1025;963; 850; 771; 729.

DSC: onset temperature: 108.8° C.; peak temperature: 123.0° C.

X-ray spectrum (2θ): 7.1; 8.4; 9.8; 10.0; 13.2; 14.5; 14.8; 17.1; 17.8;18.0; 18.8; 20.7; 22.9; 23.5; 25.4.

Form B can be obtained taking up Form A in ethanol (approximately 10 mlof ethanol per gram of Form A), heating under reflux and adding an equalvolume of hexane; Rotigotine hydrochloride Form B precipitates uponcooling the solution at room temperature. On the other hand, thiscrystalline form is characterized by the following infrared, DSC andX-ray spectra:

IR (cm⁻¹): 3058; 2966; 2633; 1588; 1464; 1436; 1347; 1275; 1207; 1161;1086; 1049; 1027; 85; 950; 898; 850; 805; 772; 709.

DSC: onset temperature: 134.5° C.; peak temperature: 146.0° C.

X-ray spectrum (2θ): 6.9; 9.2; 9.3; 13.3; 14.8; 15.0; 17.6; 17.8; 19.2;19.6; 20.8; 21.9; 23.2; 24.2; 24.6; 25.0.

These two crystalline forms are a further object of the invention andcan be conveniently used for the preparation of pharmaceutical forms, inparticular those intended for the therapy of Parkinson's disease. Saidpharmaceutical forms may be prepared with conventional techniques andexcipients, according to what described, for example, in Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences Handbook, XXI Ed. Mack Pub., N.Y., U.S.A.

The invention will be now illustrated in greater detail in theexperimental section.

DISCLOSURE OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1: IR spectrum of Rotigotine hydrochloride Form A

FIG. 2: DSC of Rotigotine hydrochloride Form A

FIG. 3: X-ray spectrum of Rotigotine hydrochloride Form A

FIG. 4: IR spectrum of Rotigotine hydrochloride Form B

FIG. 5: DSC of Rotigotine hydrochloride Form B

FIG. 6: X-ray spectrum of Rotigotine hydrochloride Form B

EXPERIMENTAL SECTION Example 1 Preparation of 2-N-propyl-5-hydroxytetraline hydrobromide (5)

2-N-Propyl-5-methoxy tetraline base 2 (15 g) was reacted with 100 mL of48% HBr under reflux for 5 hours with stirring under nitrogenatmosphere. After completion of the reaction, the mixture was cooled to0° C. and, after one night, the precipitate, consisting of2-N-propyl-5-hydroxy tetraline hydrobromide 5, was collected byfiltration, after which it was washed on the filter with cold water toneutrality. After drying, 19 g of product was obtained, corresponding toa 91% yield. Analysis with chiral HPLC of the enantiomeric compositionof the amines recovered from the first precipitate and, respectively,from the solid obtained by evaporating mother liquors to dryness, provedthat, starting from an amine 2 with ee 0.94, a crystal of 5 is obtainedwith ee higher than 0.98. On the other hand, the amine recovered frommother liquors has ee 0.86.

Example 2 Preparation of Rotigotine Hydrochloride (1) (Form A)

Step 1—Preparation of Rotigotine

2-N-Propyl-5-hydroxy tetraline hydrobromide (5, 19 g) was finely groundand suspended in 100 mL of water in the presence of 200 mL ofdichloromethane. An excess of K₂CO₃ (200 mL, 20% aqueous solution) wasadded under stirring, at a temperature of 5-10° C. The organic phase wasseparated and extraction was repeated twice, after that the organicphase was washed with aqueous saturated NaCl, dried over sodium sulfate,and evaporated to give an oily residue.

In another round-bottom flask, 56 g of 2-thienylacetic acid wasdissolved in 125 mL of toluene. The solution was added with 4.8 g ofsodium borohydride in small portions, so that temperature did not exceed20-25° C. One hour after the end of the addition, 13.6 g of the freeamine obtained from hydrobromide 5 was added. The resulting toluenesolution was heated at 80-90° C. and kept under nitrogen in theseconditions for about 8 hours. After completion of the reaction, themixture was cooled and carefully added with ethanol to decompose thereaction complex, then poured in ice-water containing 10% sodiumcarbonate. The organic phase was separated, further extracted with 10%sodium carbonate solution, washed with NaCl saturated solution andevaporated to a residue under reduced pressure.

The basic aqueous phase, containing 2-thienylacetic acid, was carefullyacidified with 10% sulfuric acid at 0° C. and extracted three times withethyl acetate. Evaporation of the organic extract allowed to recoverabout 40 g of 2-thienylacetic acid.

The toluene phase containing Rotigotine 1 was extracted three times with200 mL of 3N HCl. Subsequently, the acidic solution was added withNaHCO₃ (5% aqueous) to pH 8, and then extracted three times with 200 mLof ethyl acetate. Evaporation of the organic extract and drying providedRotigotine 1 (80%) as a colourless oil.

Step 2—Preparation of Rotigotine Hydrochloride

The oil obtained at step 1 was then dissolved in 100 mL of ethanol; thesolution was added with 1.5 equivalents of 37% HCl (5.3 mL), then thesolution was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure.

Step 3—Preparation of Rotigotine Hydrochloride Form A

The solid resulting from step 2 was taken up in ethanol (160 mL) andheated under reflux, then added with ethyl acetate (160 mL) and thesolution was left to spontaneously cool at room temperature, untilincipient crystallization. Filtration provided 10.5 g of Rotigotinehydrochloride Form A (70%).

Example 3 Preparation of Rotigotine Hydrochloride (1) (Form B)

Rotigotine hydrochloride Form A (10.5 g), prepared according to theprocess described in the above example, was dissolved in 100 mL ofethanol at the reflux temperature. The solution was cooled to about 60°C., then added with hexane (100 mL) and the resulting solution was leftto cool at room temperature, until incipient crystallization; theresulting solid was filtered with suction, washed with hexane and driedat about 85° C. under vacuum, to give 9.9 g of Rotigotine hydrochlorideForm B (94%).

1. Rotigotine hydrochloride crystalline Form A characterized by thefollowing IR, DSC and XRD spectra: IR (cm⁻¹): 3074; 2946; 2621; 1732;1589; 1464; 1367; 1275; 1083; 1025; 963; 850; 771; 729 DSC: onsettemperature: 108.8° C.; peak temperature: 123.0° C. X-ray spectrum (2θ):7.1; 8.4; 9.8; 10.0; 13.2; 14.5; 14.8; 17.1; 17.8; 18.0; 18.8; 20.7;22.9; 23.5; 25.4.
 2. Rotigotine hydrochloride crystalline Form B,characterized by the following IR, DSC and XRD spectra: IR (cm⁻¹): 3058;2966; 2633; 1588; 1464; 1436; 1347; 1275; 1207; 1161; 1086; 1049; 1027;85; 950; 898; 850; 805; 772;
 709. DSC: onset temperature: 134.5° C.;peak temperature: 146.0° C. X-ray spectrum (2θ): 6.9; 9.2; 9.3; 13.3;14.8; 15.0; 17.6; 17.8; 19.2; 19.6; 20.8; 21.9; 23.2; 24.2; 24.6; 25.0.3. Pharmaceutical compositions containing Rotigotine hydrochloride FormA according to claim 1 in admixture with pharmaceutically acceptableexcipients and/or carriers.
 4. Pharmaceutical compositions containingRotigotine hydrochloride Form B according to claim 2 in admixture withpharmaceutically acceptable excipients and/or carriers.